Advertisement
Review Article| Volume 28, ISSUE 1, P129-143, March 2023

Download started.

Ok

Current Challenges in Chronic Ankle Instability

Review and Perspective
  • Matthieu Lalevée
    Affiliations
    CETAPS EA3832, Research Center for Sports and Athletic Activities Transformations, University of Rouen Normandy, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France

    Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, 37 Bd Gambetta, Rouen 76000, France
    Search for articles by this author
  • Donald D. Anderson
    Affiliations
    Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

    Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA

    Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
    Search for articles by this author
  • Jason M. Wilken
    Correspondence
    Corresponding author.
    Affiliations
    Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, 500 Newton Road, 1-249 Medical Education Building, Iowa City, IA 52242-1089, USA
    Search for articles by this author
Published:January 02, 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcl.2022.11.003

      Keywords

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribers receive full online access to your subscription and archive of back issues up to and including 2002.

      Content published before 2002 is available via pay-per-view purchase only.

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to Foot and Ankle Clinics
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Gribble P.A.
        • Bleakley C.M.
        • Caulfield B.M.
        • et al.
        Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains.
        Br J Sports Med. 2016; 50: 1496-1505
        • Herzog M.M.
        • Kerr Z.Y.
        • Marshall S.W.
        • et al.
        Epidemiology of ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability.
        J Athletic Train. 2019; 54: 603-610
        • Lassiter T.E.
        • Malone T.R.
        • Garrett W.E.
        Injury to the lateral ligaments of the ankle.
        Orthop Clin North Am. 1989; 20: 629-640
        • Wikstrom E.A.
        • Hubbard-Turner T.
        • McKeon P.O.
        Understanding and treating lateral ankle sprains and their consequences: a constraints-based approach.
        Sports Med. 2013; 43: 385-393
        • Wenning M.
        • Gehring D.
        • Mauch M.
        • et al.
        Functional deficits in chronic mechanical ankle instability.
        J Orthop Surg Res. 2020; 15: 304
        • Spennacchio P.
        • Meyer C.
        • Karlsson J.
        • et al.
        Evaluation modalities for the anatomical repair of chronic ankle instability.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020; 28: 163-176
        • Feger M.A.
        • Donovan L.
        • Hart J.M.
        • et al.
        Lower extremity muscle activation in patients with or without chronic ankle instability during walking.
        J Athl Train. 2015; 50: 350-357
        • Hubbard T.J.
        • Kramer L.C.
        • Denegar C.R.
        • et al.
        Correlations among multiple measures of functional and mechanical instability in subjects with chronic ankle instability.
        J Athl Train. 2007; 42: 361-366
        • Houston M.N.
        • Hoch J.M.
        • Hoch M.C.
        Patient-reported outcome measures in individuals with chronic ankle instability: a systematic review.
        J Athl Train. 2015; 50: 1019-1033
        • Lin C.I.
        • Houtenbos S.
        • Lu Y.H.
        • et al.
        The epidemiology of chronic ankle instability with perceived ankle instability- a systematic review.
        J Foot Ankle Res. 2021; 14: 41
        • Donovan L.
        • Hetzel S.
        • Laufenberg C.R.
        • et al.
        Prevalence and Impact of Chronic Ankle Instability in Adolescent Athletes.
        Orthopaedic J Sports Med. 2020; 8 (232596711990096)https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967119900962
        • Hubbard-Turner T.
        Lack of medical treatment from a medical professional after an ankle sprain.
        J Athl Train. 2019; 54: 671-675
        • Michels F.
        • Wastyn H.
        • Pottel H.
        • et al.
        The presence of persistent symptoms 12 months following a first lateral ankle sprain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Foot Ankle Surg. 2021; (S1268-7731(21)00242-3)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2021.12.002
        • Verhagen R.A.
        • de Keizer G.
        • van Dijk C.N.
        Long-term follow-up of inversion trauma of the ankle.
        Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1995; 114: 92-96
        • Taga I.
        • Shino K.
        • Inoue M.
        • et al.
        Articular cartilage lesions in ankles with lateral ligament injury. An arthroscopic study.
        Am J Sports Med. 1993; 21 ([discussion; 126-127]): 120-126
        • Wang D.Y.
        • Jiao C.
        • Ao Y.F.
        • et al.
        Risk factors for osteochondral lesions and osteophytes in chronic lateral ankle instability: a case series of 1169 patients.
        Orthop J Sports Med. 2020; 8 (2325967120922821)https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967120922821
        • Sugimoto K.
        • Takakura Y.
        • Okahashi K.
        • et al.
        Chondral injuries of the ankle with recurrent lateral instability: an arthroscopic study.
        J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009; 91: 99-106
        • Valderrabano V.
        • Hintermann B.
        • Horisberger M.
        • et al.
        Ligamentous posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis.
        Am J Sports Med. 2006; 34: 612-620
        • Tropp H.
        • Odenrick P.
        • Gillquist J.
        Stabilometry recordings in functional and mechanical instability of the ankle joint.
        Int J Sports Med. 1985; 6: 180-182
        • Wenning M.
        • Schmal H.
        Chronic ankle instability - mechanical vs. Functional.
        Z Orthop Unfall. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1696-2503
        • Brown C.N.
        • Rosen A.B.
        • Ko J.
        Ankle ligament laxity and stiffness in chronic ankle instability.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2015; 36: 565-572
        • Thompson C.
        • Schabrun S.
        • Romero R.
        • et al.
        Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: a systematic review and meta-analysis of systematic reviews.
        Sports Med. 2018; 48: 189-205
        • Tropp H.
        Commentary: functional ankle instability revisited.
        J Athl Train. 2002; 37: 512-515
        • Freeman M.A.
        Instability of the foot after injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle.
        J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965; 47: 669-677
        • Freeman M.A.
        • Dean M.R.
        • Hanham I.W.
        The etiology and prevention of functional instability of the foot.
        J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965; 47: 678-685
        • Yoshimoto K.
        • Noguchi M.
        • Maruki H.
        • et al.
        Varus-Tilted Distal Tibial Plafond Is a Risk Factor for Recurrent Ankle Instability After Arthroscopic Lateral Ankle Ligament Repair.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2022; (10711007221077100)https://doi.org/10.1177/10711007221077099
        • Ziai P.
        • Benca E.
        • Skrbensky G.V.
        • et al.
        The role of the medial ligaments in lateral stabilization of the ankle joint: an in vitro study.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015; 23: 1900-1906
        • Terada M.
        • Pietrosimone B.G.
        • Gribble P.A.
        Therapeutic interventions for increasing ankle dorsiflexion after ankle sprain: a systematic review.
        J Athl Train. 2013; 48: 696-709
        • Hertel J.
        Functional instability following lateral ankle sprain.
        Sports Med. 2000; 29: 361-371
        • Forestier N.
        • Terrier R.
        Peroneal reaction time measurement in unipodal stance for two different destabilization axes.
        Clin Biomech. 2011; 26: 766-771
        • Hertel J.
        • Corbett R.O.
        An updated model of chronic ankle instability.
        J Athletic Train. 2019; 54: 572-588
        • Yoon D.Y.
        • Moon S.G.
        • Jung H.G.
        • et al.
        Differences between subtalar instability and lateral ankle instability focusing on subtalar ligaments based on three dimensional isotropic magnetic resonance imaging.
        J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2018; 42: 566-573
        • Wikstrom E.A.
        • Brown C.N.
        Minimum reporting standards for copers in chronic ankle instability research.
        Sports Med. 2014; 44: 251-268
        • Doherty C.
        • Bleakley C.
        • Hertel J.
        • et al.
        Dynamic balance deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability compared with ankle sprain copers 1 year after a first-time lateral ankle sprain injury.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016; 24: 1086-1095
        • Yu P.
        • Mei Q.
        • Xiang L.
        • et al.
        Differences in the locomotion biomechanics and dynamic postural control between individuals with chronic ankle instability and copers: a systematic review.
        Sports Biomech. 2022; 21: 531-549
        • Donovan L.
        • Hertel J.
        A new paradigm for rehabilitation of patients with chronic ankle instability.
        The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2012; 40: 41-51
        • Miklovic T.M.
        • Donovan L.
        • Protzuk O.A.
        • et al.
        Acute lateral ankle sprain to chronic ankle instability: a pathway of dysfunction.
        The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2018; 46: 116-122
        • Marx R.G.
        • Wilson S.M.
        • Swiontkowski M.F.
        Updating the Assignment of Levels of Evidence.
        The J Bone Joint Surg. 2015; 97: 1-2
        • Wright J.G.
        • Swiontkowski M.F.
        • Heckman J.D.
        Introducing levels of evidence to the journal.
        J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85: 1-3
        • Wright J.G.
        • Einhorn T.A.
        • Heckman J.D.
        Grades of recommendation.
        The J Bone Joint Surg. 2005; 87: 1909-1910
        • Pourkazemi F.
        • Hiller C.E.
        • Raymond J.
        • et al.
        Predictors of chronic ankle instability after an index lateral ankle sprain: a systematic review.
        J Sci Med Sport. 2014; 17: 568-573
        • Denegar C.R.
        • Hertel J.
        • Fonseca J.
        The effect of lateral ankle sprain on dorsiflexion range of motion, posterior talar glide, and joint laxity.
        J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002; 32: 166-173
        • Yamaguchi S.
        • Akagi R.
        • Kimura S.
        • et al.
        Avulsion fracture of the distal fibula is associated with recurrent sprain after ankle sprain in children.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2019; 27: 2774-2780
        • Jung H.G.
        • Kim N.R.
        • Kim T.H.
        • et al.
        Magnetic resonance imaging and stress radiography in chronic lateral ankle instability.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2017; 38: 621-626
        • Halabchi F.
        • Angoorani H.
        • Mirshahi M.
        • et al.
        The prevalence of selected intrinsic risk factors for ankle sprain among elite football and basketball players.
        Asian J Sports Med. 2016; 7https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.35287
        • Pourkazemi F.
        • Hiller C.E.
        • Raymond J.
        • et al.
        Predictors of recurrent sprains after an index lateral ankle sprain: a longitudinal study.
        Physiotherapy. 2018; 104: 430-437
        • Fousekis K.
        • Tsepis E.
        • Vagenas G.
        Intrinsic risk factors of noncontact ankle sprains in soccer: a prospective study on 100 professional players.
        Am J Sports Med. 2012; 40: 1842-1850
        • Pacheco J.
        • Guerra-Pinto F.
        • Araújo L.
        • et al.
        Chronic ankle instability has no correlation with the number of ruptured ligaments in severe anterolateral sprain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2021; 29: 3512-3524
        • Rosen A.
        • Ko J.
        • Brown C.
        A multivariate assessment of clinical contributions to the severity of perceived dysfunction measured by the cumberland ankle instability tool.
        Int J Sports Med. 2016; 37: 1154-1158
        • Kim J.S.
        • Young K.W.
        • Cho H.K.
        • et al.
        Concomitant syndesmotic instability and medial ankle instability are risk factors for unsatisfactory outcomes in patients with chronic ankle instability.
        Arthroscopy. 2015; 31: 1548-1556
        • Song W.T.
        • Lee J.
        • Lee J.H.
        • et al.
        A high rate of talocalcaneal interosseous ligament tears was found in chronic lateral ankle instability with sinus tarsi pain.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2021; 29: 3543-3550
        • Myerson M.S.
        • Thordarson D.B.
        • Johnson J.E.
        • et al.
        Classification and nomenclature: progressive collapsing foot deformity.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2020; 41: 1271-1276
        • Spennacchio P.
        • Seil R.
        • Gathen M.
        • et al.
        Diagnosing instability of ligamentous syndesmotic injuries: A biomechanical perspective.
        Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2021; 84: 105312
        • Bączkowicz D.
        • Falkowski K.
        • Majorczyk E.
        Assessment of relationships between joint motion quality and postural control in patients with chronic ankle joint instability.
        J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017; 47: 570-577
        • Grindstaff T.L.
        • Dolan N.
        • Morton S.K.
        Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion influences Lateral Step Down Test scores in individuals with chronic ankle instability.
        Phys Ther Sport. 2017; 23: 75-81
        • De Ridder R.
        • Willems T.
        • Vanrenterghem J.
        • et al.
        Multi-segment foot landing kinematics in subjects with chronic ankle instability.
        Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015; 30: 585-592
        • DiGiovanni C.W.
        • Kuo R.
        • Tejwani N.
        • et al.
        Isolated gastrocnemius tightness.
        J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002; 84: 962-970
        • Sugimoto K.
        • Samoto N.
        • Takakura Y.
        • et al.
        Varus tilt of the tibial plafond as a factor in chronic ligament instability of the ankle.
        Foot Ankle Int. 1997; 18: 402-405
        • Shim D.W.
        • Suh J.W.
        • Park K.H.
        • et al.
        Diagnosis and operation results for chronic lateral ankle instability with subtle cavovarus deformity and a peek-a-boo heel sign.
        Yonsei Med J. 2020; 61: 635-639
        • Lintz F.
        • Bernasconi A.
        • Baschet L.
        • et al.
        Relationship between chronic lateral ankle instability and hindfoot varus using weight-bearing cone beam computed tomography.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2019; 40: 1175-1181
        • Van Bergeyk A.B.
        • Younger A.
        • Carson B.
        CT analysis of hindfoot alignment in chronic lateral ankle instability.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2002; 23: 37-42
        • Ataoğlu M.B.
        • Tokgöz M.A.
        • Köktürk A.
        • et al.
        Radiologic evaluation of the effect of distal tibiofibular joint anatomy on arthroscopically proven ankle instability.
        Foot Ankle Int. 2020; 41: 223-228
        • Tümer N.
        • Vuurberg G.
        • Blankevoort L.
        • et al.
        Typical shape differences in the subtalar joint bones between subjects with chronic ankle instability and controls.
        J Orthop Res. 2019; 37: 1892-1902
        • Magerkurth O.
        • Frigg A.
        • Hintermann B.
        • et al.
        Frontal and lateral characteristics of the osseous configuration in chronic ankle instability.
        Br J Sports Med. 2010; 44: 568-572
        • Frigg A.
        • Frigg R.
        • Hintermann B.
        • et al.
        The biomechanical influence of tibio-talar containment on stability of the ankle joint.
        Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr. 2007; 15: 1355-1362
        • Frigg A.
        • Magerkurth O.
        • Valderrabano V.
        • et al.
        The effect of osseous ankle configuration on chronic ankle instability.
        Br J Sports Med. 2007; 41: 420-424
        • Weerasekara I.
        • Osmotherly P.G.
        • Snodgrass S.
        • et al.
        Is the fibula positioned anteriorly in weight-bearing in individuals with chronic ankle instability? A case control study.
        J Man Manip Ther. 2021; 29: 168-175
        • Hubbard T.J.
        • Hertel J.
        • Sherbondy P.
        Fibular position in individuals with self-reported chronic ankle instability.
        J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006; 36: 3-9
        • Yoshida T.
        • Suzuki T.
        Relationship between chronic ankle sprain instability and ultrasonographic evaluation of the peroneus during a single-leg standing task.
        J Phys Ther Sci. 2020; 32: 33-37
        • Vuurberg G.
        • Altink N.
        • Rajai M.
        • et al.
        Weight, BMI and stability are risk factors associated with lateral ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability: a meta-analysis.
        J ISAKOS. 2019; 4: 313-327
        • Thompson C.S.
        • Hiller C.E.
        • Schabrun S.M.
        Altered spinal-level sensorimotor control related to pain and perceived instability in people with chronic ankle instability.
        J Sci Med Sport. 2019; 22: 425-429
        • Silva D.C.F.
        • Macedo R.
        • Montes A.M.
        • et al.
        Does the cleat model interfere with ankle sprain risk factors in artificial grass?.
        Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2019; 63: 119-126
        • Ko J.
        • Rosen A.B.
        • Brown C.N.
        Functional performance tests identify lateral ankle sprain risk: a prospective pilot study in adolescent soccer players.
        Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018; 28: 2611-2616
        • Sierra-Guzmán R.
        • Jiménez F.
        • Abián-Vicén J.
        Predictors of chronic ankle instability: analysis of peroneal reaction time, dynamic balance and isokinetic strength.
        Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2018; 54: 28-33
        • Mineta S.
        • Inami T.
        • Mariano R.
        • et al.
        High lateral plantar pressure is related to an increased tibialis anterior/fibularis longus activity ratio in patients with recurrent lateral ankle sprain.
        Open Access J Sports Med. 2017; 8: 123-131
        • Doherty C.
        • Bleakley C.
        • Hertel J.
        • et al.
        Recovery from a first-time lateral ankle sprain and the predictors of chronic ankle instability: a prospective cohort analysis.
        Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44: 995-1003
        • Pourkazemi F.
        • Hiller C.
        • Raymond J.
        • et al.
        Using balance tests to discriminate between participants with a recent index lateral ankle sprain and healthy control participants: a cross-sectional study.
        J Athl Train. 2016; 51: 213-222
        • Powell M.R.
        • Powden C.J.
        • Houston M.N.
        • et al.
        Plantar cutaneous sensitivity and balance in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability.
        Clin J Sport Med. 2014; 24: 490-496
        • de Noronha M.
        • França L.C.
        • Haupenthal A.
        • et al.
        Intrinsic predictive factors for ankle sprain in active university students: a prospective study.
        Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013; 23: 541-547
        • Suda E.Y.
        • Sacco I.C.
        Altered leg muscle activity in volleyball players with functional ankle instability during a sideward lateral cutting movement.
        Phys Ther Sport. 2011; 12: 164-170
        • Sefton J.M.
        • Hicks-Little C.A.
        • Hubbard T.J.
        • et al.
        Sensorimotor function as a predictor of chronic ankle instability.
        Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2009; 24: 451-458
        • Palmieri-Smith R.M.
        • Hopkins J.T.
        • Brown T.N.
        Peroneal activation deficits in persons with functional ankle instability.
        Am J Sports Med. 2009; 37: 982-988
        • Mitchell A.
        • Dyson R.
        • Hale T.
        • et al.
        Biomechanics of ankle instability. Part 2: postural sway-reaction time relationship.
        Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008; 40: 1522-1528
        • Konradsen L.
        Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: kinesthesia and joint position sense.
        J Athl Train. 2002; 37: 381-385
        • Lentell G.
        • Katzman L.L.
        • Walters M.R.
        The relationship between muscle function and ankle stability.
        J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1990; 11: 605-611
        • Lee I.
        • Lee S.Y.
        • Ha S.
        Alterations of lower extremity function, health-related quality of life, and spatiotemporal gait parameters among individuals with chronic ankle instability.
        Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 51: 22-28
        • Ko J.
        • Rosen A.B.
        • Brown C.N.
        Functional performance deficits in adolescent athletes with a history of lateral ankle sprain(s).
        Phys Ther Sport. 2018; 33: 125-132
        • Liu K.
        • Dierkes C.
        • Blair L.
        A new jump-landing protocol identifies differences in healthy, coper, and unstable ankles in collegiate athletes.
        Sports Biomech. 2016; 15: 245-254
        • Hou Z.C.
        • Miao X.
        • Ao Y.F.
        • et al.
        Characteristics and predictors of muscle strength deficit in mechanical ankle instability.
        BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020; 21: 730
        • Docherty C.L.
        • Arnold B.L.
        • Hurwitz S.
        Contralateral force sense deficits are related to the presence of functional ankle instability.
        J Orthop Res. 2006; 24: 1412-1419
        • Xu H.X.
        • Lee K.B.
        Modified broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability in patients with generalized joint laxity.
        Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44: 3152-3157
        • Park K.H.
        • Lee J.W.
        • Suh J.W.
        • et al.
        Generalized ligamentous laxity is an independent predictor of poor outcomes after the modified broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability.
        Am J Sports Med. 2016; 44: 2975-2983
        • Pourgharib Shahi M.H.
        • Selk Ghaffari M.
        • Mansournia M.A.
        • et al.
        Risk factors influencing the incidence of ankle sprain among elite football and basketball players: a prospective study.
        Foot Ankle Spec. 2021; 14: 482-488
        • Mailuhu A.K.E.
        • Oei E.H.G.
        • van Ochten J.M.
        • et al.
        Subgroup characteristics of patients with chronic ankle instability in primary care.
        J Sci Med Sport. 2019; 22: 866-870
        • Alshahrani M.S.
        • Reddy R.S.
        Relationship between kinesiophobia and ankle joint position sense and postural control in individuals with chronic ankle instability-A cross-sectional study.
        Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19: 2792
        • Hiller C.E.
        • Refshauge K.M.
        • Bundy A.C.
        • et al.
        The cumberland ankle instability tool: a report of validity and reliability testing.
        Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006; 87: 1235-1241
        • Simon J.
        • Donahue M.
        • Docherty C.
        Development of the identification of functional ankle instability (IdFAI).
        Foot Ankle Int. 2012; 33: 755-763
        • Gribble P.A.
        • Delahunt E.
        • Bleakley C.M.
        • et al.
        Selection criteria for patients with chronic ankle instability in controlled research: a position statement of the international ankle consortium.
        J Athl Train. 2014; 49: 121-127
        • Ha S.C.W.
        • Fong D.T.P.
        • Chan K.M.
        Review of ankle inversion sprain simulators in the biomechanics laboratory.
        Asia-Pacific J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technology. 2015; 2: 114-121
        • Chan Y.Y.
        • Fong D.T.P.
        • Yung P.S.H.
        • et al.
        A mechanical supination sprain simulator for studying ankle supination sprain kinematics.
        J Biomech. 2008; 41: 2571-2574
        • Chu V.W.S.
        • Fong D.T.P.
        • Chan Y.Y.
        • et al.
        Differentiation of ankle sprain motion and common sporting motion by ankle inversion velocity.
        J Biomech. 2010; 43: 2035-2038
        • Simpson J.D.
        • Stewart E.M.
        • Mosby A.M.
        • et al.
        Lower-extremity kinematics during ankle inversion perturbations: a novel experimental protocol that simulates an unexpected lateral ankle sprain mechanism.
        J Sport Rehabil. 2019; 28: 593-600
        • Simpson J.D.
        • Stewart E.M.
        • Turner A.J.
        • et al.
        Neuromuscular control in individuals with chronic ankle instability: a comparison of unexpected and expected ankle inversion perturbations during a single leg drop-landing.
        Hum Movement Sci. 2019; 64: 133-141
        • Saki F.
        • Yalfani A.
        • Fousekis K.
        • et al.
        Anatomical risk factors of lateral ankle sprain in adolescent athletes: A prospective cohort study.
        Phys Ther Sport. 2021; 48: 26-34